Uganda referred to as the ‘Pearl of Africa’ and ‘Gifted by Nature’ has an extraordinary variety of landscapes, from arid savannas to swamps, lakes, Rivers, tropical forests and high mountains. Its unique topography in the west derived from great earth movements faulted the earth’s crust to create the Albertine rift valley and the fabled Mountains of the moon ‘the Rwenzoris, the intense volcanic activity, created Mt Elgon in the east, the Virungas in the south-west and the craterlands around Fort Portal and Kasese.

The climatic changes associated with the glacial and interglacial periods has resulted in alternating wet and dry periods; great forests have turned to savanna, and then reverted back to forests again. During the savanna phase, forest species found themselves confined to smaller patches, whilst the following forest expansion ‘captured’ savanna animals. In this process, forests in the Albertine Rift in Uganda have become key refuges for a huge diversity of forest animals and plants. These forests are famous for their many regionally Albertine Rift endemic birds and primate species including the spacious highly endangered mountain gorilla and the Chimpanzee

Uganda is at crossroads of vegetation types that take separate forms in central, eastern and southern Africa. Here, the Acacia woodlands of the east meet the forests of the west; forest species mingle with savanna species, further increasing the diversity of life. And there are some extraordinary biological paradoxes; giraffes are not found south of the Nile in Murchison Falls National Park; zebra, found in Lake Mburo, have never been recorded in Queen Elizabeth National Park just a short distance to the west.

The combined effects of geological and climatic history have thus created a country of great diversity and natural beauty, where the tourist interested in wildlife and scenery will be captivated. These attractions may be viewed to even greater effect from the many lakes and waterways, from Lake Edward in the East, to Lake Victoria, which dominates southern Uganda. In the wetland the visitors will be able to observe the rare shoebill. And Uganda is the source of the Nile, an immense river winding through farmland, forest and savanna from south to north of Uganda ending its journey in Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea.

The people of Uganda are as diverse as its landscapes. Excavations in various parts of the country have discovered a rich iron-age culture flourishing along the riverbanks and lakesides. More recently, over the past few hundred years, great ethnic migrations have resulted in a unique mix of cultures and traditions, from the Karamajong pastoralists in the east, to the Bakonjo people of the Rwenzoris in the west. Diverse systems of government have evolved, the north being dominated by the chiefdoms, and the south by Kingdoms. Many cultural traditions, monuments and relics may be explored, ranging from the tombs of the Kabaka (a World Heritage site), to the routes and meeting places of the early explorers Emin Pasha, Baker and Speke.

Over the last 40 years, Uganda has established a network of National Parks and Wildlife Reserves to protect its wildlife and special landscapes, covering over 10% of the country. The visitor has a wide range of opportunities, from game viewing in Queen Elizabeth and Murchison Falls National Parks to gorilla-viewing in Bwindi (a World Heritage site) and mountain climbing in the Rwenzoris (to become a World Heritage site). Fishing safaris are increasingly popular, and more extensive walking safaris will soon be available in the savanna parks. Away from the wildlife areas, white water is increasingly popular on the Nile at Jinja, and cultural tourism will benefit from new initiatives to protect important historical monuments and cultural sites.